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WORKERS’ DAY SPECIAL REPORT: Between the Tide and the Struggle — The State of Nigeria’s Maritime Workers in 2026
WORKERS’ DAY SPECIAL REPORT: Between the Tide and the Struggle — The State of Nigeria’s Maritime Workers in 2026
A Waterways News Special Investigation | May 1, 2026
By Larry Osaweren | Waterways News
As the world marks International Workers’ Day, the men and women who keep Nigeria’s ports, terminals, and waterways moving remain among the most underserved labour forces on the continent. From the creeks of the Niger Delta to the crowded jetties of Apapa, their stories are ones of grit against institutional neglect, unpaid wages, and structural abandonment — set in sharp relief against a global maritime labour framework that Nigeria has ratified but struggles to enforce.
The Wage Gap That Indicts a System
Begin with the most basic measure of worker dignity: pay.
In April 2025, the International Labour Organization concluded minimum wage negotiations in Geneva, setting the global maritime floor at USD $690 per month for an able seafarer — effective January 2026, rising to $704 in 2027 and $715 in 2028. That figure, the product of decades of collective bargaining between the International Chamber of Shipping and the International Transport Workers’ Federation, represents the baseline below which no seafarer anywhere in the world should legally fall.
Nigerian seafarers fall below it routinely.
Testimonies gathered by industry investigators indicate that Nigerian seafarers earn five to seven times less than their international counterparts in comparable roles. One seafarer, speaking anonymously, confirmed that the minimum wage document — a tripartite instrument midwifed by the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) and the National Joint Industrial Council of the Federal Ministry of Labour — is routinely disregarded, with shipping companies paying figures well below what is stipulated. Calls for Nigerian seafarers to be paid in US dollars, in line with the global nature of the profession, have gone largely unanswered.
On land, Nigeria’s national minimum wage stands at ₦70,000 per month — roughly USD $45 — signed into law by President Bola Tinubu in July 2024. The average monthly salary across all sectors hovers around ₦339,000 (approximately $220). Against this already-depressed baseline, maritime workers on the waterways — canoe pilots, boat skippers, and jetty workers who move millions of Nigerians daily — frequently earn below even these modest benchmarks.
The Stranded Cadet Crisis
Nigeria’s maritime workforce challenge is not simply about low wages. At its core, it is a crisis of structural abandonment — one that wastes billions of naira in training investments and condemns thousands of qualified young Nigerians to idleness.
Across the country’s maritime training institutions — from the Maritime Academy of Nigeria (MAN) in Oron to private offshore training centres — hundreds of cadets graduate every year. They emerge certified, ambitious, and trapped. The bottleneck is sea-time: to become a licensed international seafarer, a cadet must complete mandatory onboard training. That requires vessels. And Nigeria, bluntly, lacks a meaningful national fleet.
The Cabotage Vessel Financing Fund (CVFF), established under the Cabotage Act of 2003 to help indigenous shipowners acquire vessels, sat largely un-operationalised for over two decades despite billions of naira in accumulated contributions — a damning verdict on successive administrations. NIMASA under Director-General Dr. Dayo Mobereola has taken visible steps to revive the CVFF, launching an application portal in January 2025, with meaningful disbursements to indigenous operators anticipated through 2026.
But the human cost of the delay is already tallied: over 4,000 trained Nigerian seafarers — deckhands, officers, cadets, and marine engineers — are currently adrift in the job market, qualified but largely idle. Meanwhile, industry insiders report that over 80 per cent of vessels flying the Nigerian flag or trading in Nigerian waters no longer carry Nigerian cadets. The roles are going to foreign nationals while Nigerian-trained talent withers on the vine.
The comparison is instructive. The Philippines exports over 400,000 seafarers globally and earns an estimated $6 to $7 billion yearly in remittances. Nigeria’s seafarers, with the country’s enormous coastline, river systems, and maritime heritage, represent one of the nation’s most squandered economic assets.
The Certificate Recognition Problem
A further dimension of the crisis is the global non-recognition of Nigerian maritime credentials. Certificates of Competency (CoC) issued by NIMASA are not widely accepted aboard international vessels, dramatically curtailing the professional reach of Nigerian seafarers compared to peers from India, Greece, or the Philippines.
Captain (Dr.) Abdulrasheed Onakoya, a researcher and member of the Nigerian Association of Master Mariners, has publicly highlighted that Nigeria’s maritime training institutions suffer from inadequate funding, outdated equipment, and limited access to sea-time — a combination that makes it difficult to meet standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Shipowners, aware of this gap, use it as justification to underpay or refuse to employ Nigerian seafarers altogether.
NIMASA has responded: the agency has dispatched over 235 cadets to premier institutions in India and Greece, and has integrated technology for verifying Certificates of Competency. These are the right moves. But they must be accelerated and matched with domestic sea-time opportunities at home.
MWUN: Progress, but Not Enough
The Maritime Workers Union of Nigeria (MWUN) has recorded genuine milestones. Under President-General Comrade Francis Bunu, the union secured a landmark Collective Bargaining Agreement with shipping companies in August 2024 — the first meaningful minimum conditions framework in twenty years of failed negotiations with the Shipping Agencies, Clearing and Forwarding Employers Association. The agreement, brokered with the involvement of NIMASA and the Nigerian Shippers’ Council, established minimum standards covering wages, working hours, and health and safety.
In July 2025, MWUN also concluded a peace accord with Melsmore Marine Nigeria Limited following a protracted dispute over workers’ welfare and pension remittances, with Bunu declaring a “new dawn for Nigerian seafarers” and announcing full unionisation of Melsmore’s workforce.
These are genuine victories. But they remain islands of progress in a sea of structural deficit. Union penetration remains incomplete. Pension remittances by shipping companies to workers’ retirement savings accounts continue to be a site of dispute. And the broader Nigerian labour landscape — with over 75 million informal sector workers excluded from the Contributory Pension Scheme — means maritime workers outside the formal MWUN structure are particularly exposed.
The Inland Waterways: Nigeria’s Forgotten Workforce
Beyond the seafarers, there is a second maritime labour force even more invisible to policy: the operators of Nigeria’s inland waterways — the boat skippers, canoe pilots, and jetty workers who carry millions of Nigerians across rivers, creeks, and lagoons every day.
Nigeria’s approximately 10,000 kilometres of navigable waterways connect 28 of its 36 states and link to five neighbouring countries. This is an extraordinary geographic asset — one that remains criminally underutilised, and whose workers remain almost entirely unprotected.
The National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) has intensified training efforts, completing a three-day Boat Navigation and Safety Training for 75 operators from Lagos, Ogun, and Ondo states in December 2025, and distributing 42,000 life jackets across 12 riverine states. These are commendable steps. But NIWA remains overwhelmingly dependent on government grants and generates barely 20 per cent of its required funding — a structural fragility that constrains both infrastructure development and worker welfare.
Boat operators themselves have historically borne multiple, overlapping levies from competing agencies — a burden so contentious it required a Supreme Court judgment in January 2024 to settle the jurisdictional boundary between NIWA and the Lagos State Waterways Authority (LASWA).
Nigeria Watch: What Must Change
This Workers’ Day, Nigerian maritime labour stands at a crossroads. The legal architecture exists — Nigeria has ratified the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006 — but enforcement remains uneven and frequently dependent on the goodwill of individual shipping companies rather than institutional compulsion.
The path forward is clear, even if the political will to walk it is not yet assured. NIMASA must convert CVFF momentum into actual vessel acquisitions that create the sea-time berths stranded cadets desperately need. Training reform must be matched by domestic opportunity. MWUN must extend its reach to the informal and inland waterway operators who remain outside its protection. And the Federal Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy must treat maritime labour not as a residual concern, but as a strategic pillar of the blue economy agenda it has championed.
Nigeria’s waterway workers have kept the nation moving — through floods, fuel crises, and fiscal austerity. On this Workers’ Day, the question is not whether they deserve better. It is whether the institutions charged with their welfare will finally deliver it.
Waterways News | waterwaysnews.ng
Oron Marine Hub: Akwa Ibom’s Bold Bid to Reclaim Its Waterfront Legacy
By Okeoghene Onoriobe, Waterways News Correspondent
There is a certain quiet confidence building along the waterfront of Oron, the ancient coastal town that sits at the southeastern tip of Akwa Ibom State, where the Cross River empties into the Atlantic and where, for generations, fishermen and traders have made their living from the sea. That confidence has a name: the Oron Marine Hub — a sweeping, multi-component marine development project that, when completed, promises to fundamentally transform not just the physical landscape of Oron, but the economic fortunes of an entire coastal corridor in southern Nigeria.
Ongoing construction at the site signals that this is no pipe dream. For a town whose maritime heritage once made it one of the most strategically important waterfront communities in the Niger Delta region, the hub represents something long overdue: a structured, modern infrastructure investment that takes the sea seriously.
More Than a Jetty
It would be a mistake to describe the Oron Marine Hub simply as a jetty project. The development is taking shape as a fully integrated marine terminal and economic complex — one designed to simultaneously address the needs of passengers, cargo operators, fishermen, security agencies, tourists, and traders.
At its core are four modern jetties, purpose-built to accommodate different categories of vessels. Passenger boats, cargo craft, and security and patrol vessels will each have dedicated berths, ending the chaotic informality that has long plagued waterfront operations across the Niger Delta. Alongside these jetties, a central terminal building is under construction to manage the flow of passengers — providing proper ticketing infrastructure, waiting areas, and the kind of organized movement that modern marine transport demands.
For too long, Nigeria’s inland and coastal waterways have operated as an afterthought to road transport, underfunded and underserved. The Oron Marine Hub is a direct challenge to that status quo.
Logistics, Trade, and the Cold Chain
Perhaps the most commercially significant aspect of the project lies in its cargo and trade infrastructure. A network of warehouses and cargo handling facilities is being integrated into the hub, designed to support marine-based trade and logistics along the Akwa Ibom coastline and beyond.
But it is the inclusion of cold storage systems, dry storage units, and fish processing facilities that may prove most transformative for the local economy. Oron sits in one of Nigeria’s most productive fishing zones, yet for decades, post-harvest losses have eaten deeply into the incomes of artisanal fishermen who lack the infrastructure to properly store or process their catch. With these facilities in place, the hub will create a direct value chain — from catch to processing to market — that could significantly increase revenues across the fishing sector, reduce waste, and open new export possibilities.
For fishing communities in Oron, Ibeno, and the broader coastline, this is not a small detail. It is potentially life-changing.
A Recreational and Tourism Offer
The Oron Marine Hub is also being designed with an eye on tourism — a sector that Nigeria’s coastal states have chronically underinvested in, despite possessing some of West Africa’s most scenic and culturally rich waterscapes.
Plans include a recreational waterfront zone, complete with leisure spaces and floating facilities that will offer residents and visitors an experience currently unavailable anywhere along this stretch of the Akwa Ibom coastline. Waterfronts, when properly developed, become magnets for economic activity — drawing restaurants, hospitality businesses, boat hire services, and cultural tourism.
Oron has history on its side. Home to one of Nigeria’s oldest and most significant traditional museums — the Oron Museum — and with a cultural identity deeply tied to water, the town has the raw ingredients for a compelling tourism offer. The Marine Hub gives it the platform.
Built to Last: Shoreline Protection and Infrastructure
Development along Nigeria’s coastline carries inherent risks. Erosion, tidal surge, and the long-term effects of climate change are real concerns for any coastal infrastructure project. The developers of the Oron Marine Hub appear to have accounted for this, incorporating shoreline protection works into the design — a feature that will be critical to the facility’s long-term viability.
Supporting the terminal operations are internal road networks, dedicated parking areas, and security infrastructure — provisions that speak to the operational complexity of running a busy marine hub and the importance of ensuring safety and order within the facility.
Restoring the Corridors
Beyond its physical footprint, the Oron Marine Hub carries significant strategic weight. Analysts and transport observers have long noted that marine routes connecting communities across the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea coastline remain vastly underutilised, despite offering faster and often cheaper alternatives to road travel.
The hub is strategically positioned to restore key marine transport routes — most notably the Oron–Calabar corridor, a historically important waterway link between Akwa Ibom and Cross River States. Reviving this corridor alone would reduce travel times, ease pressure on road infrastructure, and reconnect communities that share deep commercial and cultural ties.
Wider connectivity to waterway routes in Rivers State and beyond is also within the project’s long-term vision, which could eventually reposition this corner of southern Nigeria as a genuine hub in the regional maritime network.
A Gateway City in the Making
When Nigerian leaders and planners speak of harnessing the country’s 853-kilometre coastline and vast inland waterway network, they are often speaking in abstractions. The Oron Marine Hub is concrete — literally and figuratively. It is bricks, steel, jetties, cold rooms, and warehouses rising from the waterfront of a town that has waited a long time for this moment.
When completed, Oron will not merely be a coastal town tucked into the southeastern corner of Akwa Ibom. It will be a functioning marine gateway — a point of departure and arrival for passengers, goods, and vessels; a processing hub for the fishing industry; a leisure and tourism destination; and a commercial node connecting southern Nigeria’s waterways in ways they have not been connected in a generation.
The sea has always defined Oron. With the Marine Hub, Oron is finally building something worthy of it.
NIGERIA WATCH: Tracking the ministries, departments, and agencies with a stake in this story
The Oron Marine Hub sits at the intersection of several federal mandates, making it one of the most regulatory-dense infrastructure projects currently underway in southern Nigeria. Here are the key government bodies whose oversight, policy direction, and funding priorities are directly relevant to this development:
Federal Ministry of Marine & Blue Economy — As the apex ministry for Nigeria’s maritime sector following its establishment by the Tinubu administration, this ministry holds primary federal interest in a project of this nature. The Oron Marine Hub aligns directly with the Blue Economy agenda, which seeks to monetise Nigeria’s coastal and inland water resources. The ministry’s engagement — or absence — in supporting and coordinating this project will be closely watched.
National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) — NIWA holds statutory responsibility for the development, maintenance, and regulation of Nigeria’s inland waterways, including the river and creek routes that connect Oron to Calabar, Warri, and Port Harcourt. The restoration of the Oron–Calabar corridor in particular falls squarely within NIWA’s operational mandate, and the agency’s role in dredging, charting, and regulating traffic on these routes will be essential to the hub’s commercial viability.
Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) — To the extent that the Oron Marine Hub handles cargo and commercial vessel traffic, it may fall within the NPA’s licensing and regulatory jurisdiction. The NPA’s framework for recognising and regulating smaller regional terminals and marine hubs will determine how smoothly the facility integrates into Nigeria’s broader port ecosystem.
Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) — NIMASA’s mandate covers vessel registration, seafarer certification, and maritime safety enforcement. With passenger and cargo vessels set to operate from Oron’s new jetties, NIMASA’s safety standards and enforcement presence will be critical to ensuring that the hub operates to international benchmarks and that lives on the water are protected.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security — The hub’s fish processing facilities, cold storage systems, and post-harvest infrastructure connect directly to federal agricultural policy, particularly initiatives targeting aquaculture development and the reduction of post-harvest losses in the fisheries sub-sector. Federal support through this ministry could significantly accelerate the fishing industry components of the project.
Federal Ministry of Tourism — With a dedicated recreational waterfront zone forming part of the hub’s design, the Federal Ministry of Tourism has a clear interest in ensuring that the Oron Marine Hub is incorporated into Nigeria’s national tourism development framework and promotional campaigns.
Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) & Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) — For a coastal infrastructure project that incorporates shoreline protection works, accurate weather forecasting and hydrological data are non-negotiable. Both agencies have roles to play in providing the environmental intelligence needed to protect the hub’s long-term structural integrity against tidal and climate risks.
Akwa Ibom State Government — While not a federal body, the state government is the most proximate authority driving and financing this project. Its relationship with federal agencies — particularly NIWA, NIMASA, and the Ministry of Marine & Blue Economy — will largely determine how quickly approvals, corridor licensing, and regulatory clearances are obtained.
Waterways News will continue to monitor federal agency engagement with the Oron Marine Hub project. Relevant ministries and agencies are invited to share updates, policy positions, and timelines with our editorial team.
Send tips and reports to the Waterways News editorial desk at www.waterwaysnews.ng
NIWA Eyes West Coast Cargo Jetty as Nigeria-Ghana Trade Corridor Takes Shape
Authority commits waterfront infrastructure to sub-regional push; Calabar–Cameroon route cited as proof of concept
By Okeoghene Onoriobe | Waterways News Correspondent | Lagos
The National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) has signalled its readiness to anchor the development of a proposed West Coast cargo jetty, positioning Nigeria’s inland waterways network as the backbone of a new sub-regional trade corridor linking Lagos to Accra.
The disclosure came during a joint inspection of the Marina Jetty in Lagos on Thursday, attended by officials of the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA), the Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS), NIWA, and a trade delegation from Ghana comprising corporate and private sector representatives.
Leading the NIWA delegation, Acting Managing Director Mr. Yusuf Girei confirmed that the Authority is prepared to operationalise select existing jetties as a pilot phase, targeting smoother cargo movement between Nigeria and Ghana. He pointed to NIWA’s sprawling waterfront infrastructure as a ready platform for technology-driven, hassle-free cargo operations with direct market access across Lagos.
Girei, flanked by the Authority’s General Manager (Marine), Engr. Horsefall Dakio, and Lagos Area Manager, Engr. Sarat Braimah, said NIWA’s waterways network makes it a critical enabler of inland cargo movement across West Africa.
“We are committed to leveraging our infrastructure and expertise to facilitate regional trade. Our experience on the Calabar–Cameroon route demonstrates the viability of inland water transport in boosting market access within Nigeria and across West Africa,” Girei stated.
The Authority noted that its operational track record on the Calabar–Cameroon corridor provides a scalable model for extending similar services across the West Coast, with the Lagos–Accra axis as the next logical frontier.
Nigeria Watch
The Marina Jetty inspection signals something larger than bilateral trade logistics — it marks a quiet but consequential repositioning of Nigeria’s inland waterways as an instrument of regional economic integration. For years, NIWA’s vast infrastructure has sat underutilised relative to its potential, while road-dependent trade remained the default model for West African commerce.
A functioning Nigeria–Ghana cargo corridor via water would benefit Nigerian shippers, freight forwarders, and port-adjacent businesses directly, while easing pressure on congested land routes. It would also lend weight to the Federal Government’s broader blue economy ambitions under Minister Adegboyega Oyetola, which have consistently emphasised turning waterways into productive economic assets rather than administrative liabilities.
The critical test now is whether Thursday’s inspection translates into concrete infrastructure activation — with timelines, investment commitments, and regulatory clarity from both NIWA and NPA on operational modalities. Nigerian maritime stakeholders will be watching closely.
Blue Economy
NSC Board Visits APM Terminals Apapa, Cites $600m Investment Pledge as Boost for Nigeria’s Trade Ambitions
NSC Board Visits APM Terminals Apapa, Cites $600m Investment Pledge as Boost for Nigeria’s Trade Ambitions
Regulator points to 30% export cargo growth, digital transformation as signs of maturing port ecosystem
By Ighoyota Onaibre| Waterways News
The Governing Board of the Nigerian Shippers’ Council (NSC) has declared APM Terminals Apapa a benchmark for port operations in Nigeria, following a familiarisation visit to the Apapa facility that laid bare both the terminal’s progress and the regulator’s broader vision for the country’s port sector.
Leading the delegation, NSC Board Chairman Dr Ibrahim Shehu Shema used the occasion to reaffirm the Council’s commitment to its mandate as Nigeria’s port economic regulator, stressing that cross-sector collaboration remains the cornerstone of building a truly competitive maritime ecosystem.
“Most of what I have seen on this visit is quite impressive,” Shema said. “The way the organisations involve their stakeholders is commendable. It shows that government is very serious about generating revenue for this country through this sector, and there is no doubt that foreign investors are interested in committing even more resources.”
He said the Council would continue deepening engagement with terminal operators, shipping lines and shippers to position Nigeria as the dominant maritime hub for West and Central Africa — a goal he tied to President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda.
Akutah: Export Growth and Dangote Refinery Signal a Trade Rebalancing
NSC Executive Secretary and CEO Dr Pius Akutah struck an optimistic tone on the trade balance question — long a structural concern in Nigerian maritime circles. He disclosed that export cargo volumes at APM Terminals Apapa have grown by approximately 30 per cent, calling the figure a harbinger of change.
“For too long, the country has operated largely as an importing nation, resulting in persistent deficits in the balance of payments,” Akutah said. “This gives us optimism that, in the coming years, Nigeria will achieve a more balanced trade position.”
He acknowledged that exports remain predominantly commodity-based, but identified the Dangote Refinery’s emerging petroleum product exports and the opportunities unlocked by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) as catalysts for a more diversified export profile.
“With the Dangote Refinery now exporting petroleum products, we expect further progress. The manufacturing sector holds strong potential, particularly under AfCFTA, which provides a unified platform for trade across the continent. We are confident that Nigeria will soon expand its footprint in exporting manufactured goods across Africa,” he said.
On regulatory oversight, Akutah noted that many terminal operators are aligning with NSC directives to modernise facilities and embrace technology — progress he described as consistent with the vision of the Honourable Minister of Marine and Blue Economy, Dr Adegboyega Oyetola, CON.
$600m Reinvestment Proposal Described as a Vote of Confidence
Perhaps the most consequential disclosure of the visit came from Akutah’s confirmation that APM Terminals has tabled a proposal to invest an additional $600 million in its Nigerian operations — a commitment the NSC chief described as a strong signal of investor confidence at a time the Federal Government is actively courting foreign direct investment.
“At a time when the Federal Government is actively seeking foreign direct investment, it is reassuring to see companies already operating in Nigeria reinvesting and expanding their commitments,” Akutah said. “It is truly heartening and signals a promising period for the country.”
Terminal MD Points to Digital Overhaul
APM Terminals Apapa Managing Director Kamal Alhraishat used the occasion to highlight the terminal’s shift to electronic data interchange (EDI) systems — replacing manual, paper-based processes with digital platforms that enable the seamless exchange of standardised trade documents including invoices, bills of lading and cargo status updates.
“By eliminating paper-based processes, we have enhanced both efficiency and accuracy, while ensuring faster and more transparent communication between the terminal, shipping lines and shippers,”
Alhraishat said, adding that the company remains committed to ongoing infrastructure investment and technological innovation in support of Nigeria’s trade ambitions.
Nigeria Watch
The NSC board visit to APM Terminals Apapa carries more than ceremonial weight. It comes at a pivotal moment in the concession reform cycle, with the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) still navigating the concession renewal process for several terminals — a process in which operator performance benchmarks will be central.
APM Terminals Apapa’s reported 30 per cent export cargo growth is a metric worth watching closely. It corroborates narratives around the Dangote Refinery’s impact on Nigeria’s outbound freight market, and hints at a structural shift in the cargo mix at Apapa that regulators and terminal planners will need to account for.
The $600 million reinvestment proposal, if formalised, would represent one of the largest single private commitments to Nigerian port infrastructure in recent memory — and would significantly strengthen the case for Apapa’s continued relevance against the growing competitive pressure from the Lekki Deep Sea Port.
For the NSC, the visit reinforces its posture as an active regulator — one that is auditing performance, not merely adjudicating disputes. That positioning, amplified by Executive Secretary Akutah’s references to the AfCFTA and export diversification, suggests the Council is sharpening its strategic framing ahead of what promises to be a consequential season of port sector policy decisions.
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